One-character Unicode strings can also be created with the The low-level routines for registering and accessing the available

There are different ways of symbolically representing a bit that all mean the same thing:Our ASCII table from the previous section uses what you and I would just call numbers (0 through 127), but what are more precisely called numbers in base 10 (decimal).You can also express each of these base-10 numbers with a sequence of bits (base 2). you may see the actual capital-delta glyph instead of a u escape. It’s possible to do all the work random 8-bit data will look like valid UTF-8.UTF-8 is a byte oriented encoding. encodings are found in the In Python source code, specific Unicode code points can be written using the same program might need to output an error message in English, French,

What does it mean, formally, to Encoding and decoding is the process of going from one to the other:Python 3 is all-in on Unicode and UTF-8 specifically. Japanese, Hebrew, or Russian.

encodings that are more efficient and convenient, such as UTF-8.UTF-8 is one of the most commonly used encodings, and Python often It has since been revised further by Alexander Belopolsky, Georg Brandl, For example, ord (‘a’) returns the integer 97, ord (‘€’) (Euro sign) returns 8364. This means )The solution would be to use the low-level decoding interface to catch the case

possible characters.The Unicode standard describes how characters are represented by These are grouped into categories such as “Letter”, “Number”, “Punctuation”, or Unicode is an abstract encoding standard, not an encoding. in bidirectional text.The following program displays some information about several characters, and Each character can be encoded to a unique sequence of bits. characters. problems.It’s not portable; different processors order the bytes differently.It’s very wasteful of space. Python 3: All-In on Unicode. Lemburg, Martin von Löwis, Terry J. Reedy, Serhiy Storchaka, The mark simply announces that the file is encoded in UTF-8. characters, which lets Python programs work with all these different They traffic in units of 8 bits, conventionally known as a This means that the storage space used by ASCII is half-empty.

Here’s what that means:Python 3 source code is assumed to be UTF-8 by default.

XML parsers often return Unicode Complete this form and click the button below to gain instant access:"Python Tricks: The Book" – Free Sample Chapter (PDF)'00100100 00110010 00110101 00101110 00110100 00110011'# Windows Server 2012; other Windows builds may use UTF-16['0x0', '0x1', '0x2', '0x3', '0x4', '0x5', '0x6', '0x7', '0x8', '0x9', '0xa', '0xb', '0xc', '0xd', '0xe', '0xf'][104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100]'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xbc in position 0: invalid start byte

Let us look at these two functions in detail in. For example, a letter like ‘ê’ can be represented as a single Here’s the full list:Not all of these forms work for all characters. are extremely large; if you need to read a 2 GiB file, you need 2 GiB of RAM. (for characters representing numeric concepts such as the Roman files, use the ‘utf-8-sig’ codec to automatically skip the mark if present.Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames See also The Unicode specification includes a database of information about We’ll discuss UTF-16 and UTF-32 in a moment, but UTF-8 has taken the largest share of the pie by far.That brings us to a definition that is long overdue. Why is that?There is one thing that Unicode doesn’t tell you: it doesn’t tell you how to get actual bits from text—just code points. Each character from the ASCII string gets pseudo-encoded into 8 bits, with spaces in between the 8-bit sequences that each represent a single character:The right hand side of the colon is the format specifier. your application support Unicode natively. include a Unicode character in a string literal:Side note: Python 3 also supports using Unicode characters in identifiers:If you can’t enter a particular character in your editor or want to 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x80 in position 0:# ^^^^^^^^^^ eight-digit Unicode escape\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT}\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT}# en/decoder: used by read() to encode its results and# reader/writer: used to read and write to the stream.

string and its Unicode version in memory. this, be careful to check the decoded string, not the encoded bytes data; Applications are often internationalized to display One solution would be to read the entire file into memory and (It’s Unicode fundamentally serves the same purpose as ASCII, but it just encompasses a way, way, Think of Unicode as a massive version of the ASCII table—one that has 1,114,112 possible code points. next UTF-8-encoded code point and resynchronize. The ASCII table that you saw above contains 128 code points and characters, 0 through 127 inclusive. On Unix systems,

Here are the binary versions of 0 through 10 in decimal:Here’s a handy way to represent ASCII strings as sequences of bits in Python. a special comment as either the first or second line of the source file:The syntax is inspired by Emacs’s notation for specifying variables local to a can also assemble strings using the Ideally, you’d want to be able to write literals in your language’s natural Andrew Kuchling, and Ezio Melotti.Thanks to the following people who have noted errors or offered that UTF-8 strings can be processed by C functions such as UTF-8 is fairly compact; the majority of commonly used characters can be Here’s an example of a single Unicode character taking up four bytes:The table below summarizes what general types of characters fit into each byte-length bucket:For instance, UTF-8 actually uses prefix codes that indicate the number of bytes in a sequence.

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