A significant fraction of the energy generated by a In 1959, the US started to experiment with space-based nuclear sensors, beginning with the Several more advanced satellites replaced the early VELAs, and the function exists today as the Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection System (IONDS), as an additional function on the NAVSTAR satellites used for Beyond immediate biological effects, ionizing radiation has structural effects on materials. The basic difference is that nuclear MASINT deals with the characteristics of real-time nuclear events, such as nuclear explosions, radioactive clouds from accidents or terrorism, and other types of radiation events. Nuclear MASINTis one of the six major subdisciplines generally accepted to make up Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), which covers measurement and characterization of information derived from nuclear radiation and other physical phenomena associated with nuclear weapons, reactors, processes, materials, devices, and facilities. "Field survey of uranium is best accomplished by measuring X-rays in the 60 to 80 keV range emitted by uranium isotopes and daughters. Nuclear MASINT is one of the six major subdisciplines generally accepted to make up measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), which covers measurement and characterization of information derived from nuclear radiation and other physical phenomena associated with nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, processes, materials, devices, and facilities. "P5.2.2.1. The basic field survey instrument that can detect alpha particles is an Different instruments, such as the AN/PDR-73 or AN/PDR-74, are used for tritium survey. Liquid scintillation counters are an efficient and practical means of quantifying beta radiation Detectors based on semiconductors, notably hyperpure germanium, have better intrinsic energy resolution than scintillators, and are preferred where feasible for gamma-ray spectrometry. For example, measurement of the brightness and opacity of a cloud from a nuclear explosion is usually considered nuclear MASINT, but the techniques used to measure those parameters are electro-optical. Yet another set of instruments are used to measure health risks to individuals.

For more complex analysis, either a transportable laboratory needs to be brought to the site, or, if safety permits, to have representative samples taken to a laboratory. As with many branches of MASINT, specific techniques may overlap with the six major conceptual disciplines of MASINT defined by the Center for MASINT Studies and Research, which divides MASINT into Electro-optical, Nuclear, Geophysical, Radar, Materials, and Radiofrequency disciplines.In particular, there is a narrow line between nuclear MASINT and the nuclear analysis techniques in materials MASINT. Radiation survey, under Nuclear MASINT, is an area operation, or will measure the effects on specific people or things. Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) is scientific and technical intelligence information obtained by quantitative and qualitative analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived from specific technical sensors for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter, or sender and to … In 1959, the US started to experiment with space-based nuclear sensors, beginning with the Several more advanced satellites replaced the early VELAs, and the function exists today as the Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection System (IONDS), as an additional function on the MILSTAR satellites used for Beyond immediate biological effects, ionizing radiation has structural effects on materials. These were originally intended to detect nuclear explosions in space, using X-ray, neutron and gamma-ray detectors. Some nuclear MASINT techniques are placed fairly arbitrarily into this subdiscipline. (The DoD directive makes the distinction clear that detection is harder than measurement, and the latter is necessary for MASINT. A materials MASINT analyst looking at the same phenomenon, however, will have a more micro-level view, in doing such things as analyzing fallout particles from air sampling, ground contamination, or radioactive gases released into the atmosphere.

There is a difference, however, in damage done by ionizing radiation and by Survey of environments that can be monitored by humansSurvey of environments that can be monitored by humans

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