Light gets refracted at different layers of atmosphere. This is evident by the fact that the difference between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction is greatest for the air-diamond boundary. These effects are not visible to the naked eye, but are easily seen even in small telescopes. Refraction not only affects visible light rays, but all Since the amount of atmospheric refraction is a function of the Atmospheric refraction becomes more severe when temperature gradients are strong, and refraction is not uniform when the atmosphere is heterogeneous, as when Atmospheric refraction of the light from a star is zero in the On the horizon refraction is slightly greater than the apparent diameter of the Sun, so when the bottom of the sun's disc appears to touch the horizon, the sun's true altitude is negative.

In the … Refraction not only affects lightrays but all electromagnetic radiation, although in varying degrees (see Atmospheric refraction becomes more severe when there are strong temperature gradients, and refraction is not uniform when the atmosphere is inhomogeneous, as when there is turbulence in the air. But how can this be explained? BT 90 56.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0121 Tc 0.1321 Tw (April 25, 2006) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 148.08 -1.2 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw (1) Tj ET q 308.88 52.8 0.72 13.68 re h W n BT 308.88 55.68 TD 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 234 707.04 TD /F1 13.92 Tf 0.022 Tc 0.098 Tw (Atmospheric Refraction) Tj 144 0 TD 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -288 -13.92 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.92 TD -0.0282 Tc 0.1482 Tw (Speed of radio wave:) Tj 101.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 241.92 657.36 m 251.28 657.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 234 654.24 m 235.44 655.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 235.44 654.96 m 237.84 644.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 238.08 644.4 m 240.96 673.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 240.96 673.2 m 252.24 673.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 274.08 657.36 m 288.48 657.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 266.16 652.8 m 267.6 653.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 267.6 653.28 m 269.76 641.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 270 641.28 m 273.12 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 273.12 673.44 m 289.44 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 298.56 657.36 m 312.48 657.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 290.64 652.8 m 292.08 653.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 292.08 653.28 m 294.48 641.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 294.72 641.52 m 297.6 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 297.6 673.44 m 313.68 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 341.04 657.36 m 353.28 657.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 333.12 652.8 m 334.56 653.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 334.56 653.28 m 336.96 641.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 337.2 641.52 m 340.08 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 340.08 673.44 m 354.24 673.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 383.04 657.36 m 395.28 657.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 375.12 652.56 m 376.8 653.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 376.8 653.28 m 378.96 641.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 379.2 641.52 m 382.08 673.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 382.08 673.2 m 396.24 673.2 l S Q BT 390.24 642 TD /F2 6.9853 Tf -0.0773 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj -42.24 0 TD (r) Tj 0 17.28 TD (r) Tj -41.52 -17.28 TD (r) Tj 0.96 17.28 TD (r) Tj 61.44 -5.04 TD /F2 11.9747 Tf -0.0368 Tc (c) Tj -27.36 7.92 TD 0.0126 Tc (u) Tj -14.64 -7.92 TD -0.0368 Tc (c) Tj -111.84 0 TD (c) Tj 168.24 -9.36 TD /F3 11.9747 Tf 0.0231 Tc (e) Tj -42 0 TD (e) Tj -41.76 0 TD (e) Tj 0 17.28 TD 0.0626 Tc (m) Tj -24.48 -17.28 TD 0.0231 Tc (e) Tj 0 17.28 TD 0.0626 Tc (m) Tj -32.16 -17.28 TD 0.0231 Tc (e) Tj 0 17.04 TD 0.0626 Tc (m) Tj 143.28 0 TD /F0 11.9747 Tf 0.0126 Tc (1) Tj -104.4 -19.92 TD /F0 6.9853 Tf 0.1074 Tc (0) Tj 0.96 17.28 TD (0) Tj 74.88 -5.04 TD /F4 11.9747 Tf 0.102 Tc (\265) Tj -40.32 0 TD -0.0941 Tc (=) Tj -61.44 0 TD (=) Tj -32.16 0 TD (=) Tj 174.72 0.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -308.4 -26.88 TD ( ) Tj ET q 247.44 0 0 -90.72 182.16 624.48 cm /im1 Do endstream endobj 11 0 obj 3536 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im1 /Filter /DCTDecode /Width 552 /Height 202 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 19 0 R >> stream Calculating atmospheric refraction. Day-to-day variations in the weather will affect the exact times of sunrise and sunsetBecause atmospheric refraction is nominally 34′ on the horizon, but only 29′ at 0.5° above it, the setting or rising sun seems to be flattened by about 5′ (about 1/6 of its apparent diameter). Rene Descartes' diagram explaining the rainbow. But the Earth isn't flat! A glow on the northern horizon resolved itself into the sun at 11 am that day.

Atmospheric Refraction Speed of radio wave: r r r r r c u c c e e e m e m e m 1 0 = = 0 = ∝ Refractivity N = (n −1)⋅106 Pressure and water-vapor content decrease rapidly with altitude, while temperature decreases slowly, refractivity and decreases with altitude. Refraction not only affects lightrays but all electromagnetic radiation, although in varying degrees (see Atmospheric refraction becomes more severe when there are strong temperature gradients, and refraction is not uniform when the atmosphere is inhomogeneous, as when there is turbulence in the air.

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