During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Notably, the UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply. [16], The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "land of the Angles". 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England. [176] Demand for electricity in 2014 was 34.42GW on average[177] (301.7TWh over the year) coming from a total electricity generation of 335.0TWh. [277] Another well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. [259] Norwich had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed closely by Brighton and Hove at 42.4%. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). [51] The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Any content, information, or advice found on social media platforms and the wider Internet, including forums such as YBW, should NOT be acted upon unless checked against a reliable, authoritative source, and re-checked, particularly where personal health and liberty is at stake. [117] In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the metropolitan boroughs. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive sailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous and respected international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including the match race, a regatta, and the America's Cup. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore. CLUNY Mission Allied mission into France. [116] Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally. [26][27] CLAUDE Code name for French agent. There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668. [125], In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago. [235] Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. [210][211] Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic,[212] Roman, Anglo-Saxon,[213] Viking (North Germanic),[214] Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. [206][224] In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families,[225] and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%. Some English students study an apprenticeship to learn skilled trades and pursue T-levels to progress towards skilled employment, further study or a higher apprenticeship. At 220 miles (350 km), the Severn is the longest river flowing through England. Alors qu'il a 11 ans, pendant la guerre civile libanaise, sa maison natale à Damour est détruite. Anecdotal evidence is that windows of the venture are now featuring 'opening soon' posters and the recruitment drive has been launched for staff.Although beauty has been a major staple for Harrods at its world-famous Knightsbridge, London store, expanding the concept regionally was a big surprise for many.Harrods opened its first standalone H Beauty store in Lakeside Essex last September. [322] There is a rapid transit network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne & Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland. [107] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. [367], Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald. Harrods, Knightsbridge SW1X7XL Londres . Harrods London CHW. [325], In the field of popular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. [358], At club level, England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football, due to Sheffield F.C. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. [22] In Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Britain, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);[23] similarly, the Welsh name for the English language is "Saesneg". A romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. St. Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft, and it has more 30,000 engines currently in service across both the civil and defence sectors. He was the first player to win all four Grand Slam singles titles[384] and helped lead the Great Britain team to four Davis Cup wins. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough. A proper noun is the special word that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. [192] Many of England's stately homes, historic manor houses, landscapes, gardens and parks are of great interest to film makers and broadcasters. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.[311]. National Cycle Route offers cycling routes nationally. [207][208][209] However, other geneticists place the Germanic estimate up to half. [323] One of his four Coronation Anthems, Zadok the Priest, composed for the coronation of George II, has been performed at every subsequent British coronation, traditionally during the sovereign's anointing. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age. [30] It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major is The Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The has been added to your wishlist. Neopaganism in the United Kingdom is primarily represented by Wicca and Witchcraft religions, Druidry, and Heathenry. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are public institutions. [247], In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they were Muslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century. [128] Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019 at the Botanic Garden in Cambridge,[129] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire. [342] The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film. [156] The main crops that are grown are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. [196], The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. [221] By 1801, the population was 8.3 million, and by 1901 30.5 million. [183] During the European financial crisis, Europe's consumption of electricity shrank by 5%, with primary production also facing a noticeable decline. [280] Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include Arriva, FirstGroup, Go-Ahead Group, National Express, Rotala and Stagecoach Group. England is one of the world's leading fishing nations. [122] However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length. Much of the UK's space industry is centred on EADS Astrium, based in Stevenage and Portsmouth. Ex-Harrods fashion consultant who faked having cancer to pocket more than £45,000 in donations was also accused of swindling charity out of £10,000 over fake boxing gala. As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system. [296] During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. [309] The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,[310] along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and hagiographies. [334] Hitchcock's first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, Blackmail, is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea Empire that also included Denmark and Norway. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. [317] Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics. In the West Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite, and enjoy a mild climate; both are national parks.[127]. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno–Saxon monasticism,[278][279] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. [338] The Hammer Horror films starring Christopher Lee saw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. [132], England has a temperate oceanic climate in most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas of subarctic and warmer areas in the South West. The Chelsea Flower Show is held every year and is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. [331] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies, its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th-century dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton. Its collection of more than seven million objects[347] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world,[348] sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. [56] The Black Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants. English women who have won Wimbledon include: Ann Haydon Jones in 1969 and Virginia Wade in 1977. France rules to get stricter following COVID-19 outbreak. [134][135] Mountain hares which are indigenous have now been re-introduced in Derbyshire. England's climate is very suitable for lagomorphs and the country has rabbits and brown hares which were introduced in Roman times. [194] The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments,[195] and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. [371] They hosted the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009, winning this format in 2010 beating rivals Australia in the final. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England. [366] Other English success has come from Manchester United F.C., winning the competition on 3 occasions; Nottingham Forest F.C. The company's business … It is the most watched horse race in the UK, attracting casual observers, and three-time winner Red Rum is the most successful racehorse in the event's history. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. [nb 3] Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies. Sweet pastries include scones (either plain or containing dried fruit) served with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves, Eccles cakes and mince pies as well as a wide range of sweet or spiced biscuits. Local "congregations" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. [240] It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall,[241] and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. [270], The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. Subsequently, the House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins. The English Lowlands are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover. The 2nd-largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. 198,690 were here. [71][72] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. [167] There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and West Midlands Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the King of Scots, James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a personal union.
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